55 American English Words Derived from Algonquian Languages

55 American English Words Derived from Algonquian Languages 55 American English Words Derived from Algonquian Languages 55 American English Words Derived from Algonquian Languages By Mark Nichol American English has been enriched by the widespread adoption of words based on vocabulary of Native American tribes, including the many tribes that spoke (and, in some cases, still speak) one of the Algonquian languages of what is now eastern North America. The following is a list of such terms, more or less commonly used, most of which refer to animals or plants or products derived from them. apishamore (Algonquian): a buffalo-hide saddle blanket babiche (Mà ­kmaq): a leather or sinew thong or thread caribou (Mà ­kmaq): a species of large antlered mammal caucus (Algonquian): a group of people who meet to discuss an issue or work together toward a goal; also a verb chipmunk (Odawa): any of various small rodent species that are part of the squirrel family chinquapin (Powhatan): a dwarf chestnut tree or its nut cisco (Ojibwe): a whitefish hackmatack (Algonquian): a type of larch tree, or its wood hickory (Powhatan): a type of tree or its wood, or a cane or switch made of the wood hominy (Powhatan): soaked and hulled corn kernels husky (based on shortening of the Cree word from which Eskimo is derived): a type of dog; the adjective husky is unrelated kinkajou (Algonquian): a Central and South American mammal kinnikinnick (or killikinnick or killickinnick) (Unami Delaware): a mixture of dried leaves and bark smoked like tobacco, or the plant (also called bearberry) from which the materials are taken mackinaw (Menomini): a heavy type of cloth used for coats and blankets, or a coat or blanket made of the cloth, or a type of trout moccasin (Algonquian): a soft leather shoe or a regular shoe resembling a traditional moccasin, or, as water moccasin, a species of snake or a similar snake moose (Eastern Abenaki): a species of large antlered mammal mugwump (Eastern Abenaki): originally, a war leader, but in American slang, a kingpin, later a political independent, or someone neutral or undecided muskellunge (Ojibwe): a pike (a type of fish) muskeg (Cree): a bog or swamp muskrat (Western Abenaki): an aquatic rodent opossum (Powhatan): a marsupial (sometimes possum) papoose (Narragansett): an infant pecan (Illinois): a type of tree, or the wood or the nut harvested from it pemmican (Cree): a food made of pounded meat and melted fat, and sometimes flour and molasses as well persimmon (Powhatan): a type of tree, or the fruit harvested from it pipsissewa (Abenaki): a type of herb with leaves used for tonic and diuretic purposes pokeweed (Powhatan): a type of herb pone (Powhatan): flat cornbread; also called cornpone, which is also slang meaning â€Å"countrified† or â€Å"down-home†) powwow (Narragansett): a Native American medicine man, or, more commonly, a Native American ceremony, fair, or other gathering; also, slang for â€Å"meeting† or, less often, party puccoon (Powhatan): a type of plant, or the pigment derived from it pung (Algonquian): a box-shaped sleigh drawn by one horse punkie (Munsee): an alternate name for a biting midge, a type of fly quahog (Narragansett): a type of edible clam Quonset hut (Algonquian): a trademark for a type of prefabricated structure with an arched corrugated-metal roof raccoon (Powhatan): a type of mammal noted for its masklike facial markings, or the fur of the animal sachem (Algonquian): a chief of a Native American tribe or confederation of tribes; also, a leader in the Tammany Hall political machine sagamore (Eastern Abenaki): an Algonquian tribal chief shoepac (Unami Delaware): a cold-weather laced boot skunk (Massachusett): a type of mammal known for spraying a noxious odor in defense, or the fur of the animal; also, slang for â€Å"obnoxious person† squash (Narragansett): any of various plants that produces fruit, also called squash, that is cultivated as a vegetable; the verb squash, and the name of the ball-and-racquet game, are unrelated squaw (Massachusetts): a Native American woman or, by extension, a woman or a wife; the word is widely considered offensive succotash (Narragansett): a dish of green corn and lima or shell beans terrapin (Powhatan): one of various types of turtles toboggan (Mà ­kmaq): a wooden sled with the front end curved up and, by extension, a downward course or a sharp decline (the activity of using such a sled is called tobogganing); also, a slang term for a winter stocking cap with a pom-pom or a tassel tomahawk (Powhatan): a light ax used as a throwing or hacking weapon; as verb, it means â€Å"use a tomahawk† totem (Ojibwe): an object, usually an animal or plant, serving as a family or clan emblem, or, more often, a carved or painted representation, often in the form of a pole fashioned from a tree trunk and carved with figures representing one’s ancestors (also, a family or clan so represented); by extension, any emblem or symbol tuckahoe (Powhatan): a type of plant with an edible root, or the edible part of a type of fungus tullibee (Ojibwe): any one of several types of whitefish wampum (Massachusett): beads of polished shells used as ceremonial gifts, money, or ornaments; also, slang for â€Å"money† wanigan (Ojibwa): a tracked or wheeled shelter towed by a tractor or mounted on a boat or raft wapiti Shawnee): another word for elk wickiup (Fox): a hut or shelter made of a rough frame of vegetation wigwam (Eastern Abenaki): a hut or shelter made of a rough frame of vegetation or hides woodchuck (Algonquian): a type of marmot (a small mammal); also called a groundhog Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Public Information Model Essays

Public Information Model Essays Public Information Model Essay Public Information Model Essay Essay Topic: For Whom the Bell Tolls According to McDonalds Canada site, McDonalds has started publicising itself through advertisements during 1967 when they realized that local advertising would be insufficient to support a single identity therefore a percentage of sales would be generated to fund their international advertising campaigns. This is a form of press agentry model due to the form which is to publicise the organisation and with the case of McDonalds, its services and food in any way possible. However, it was not until recently that McDonalds started to apply the four models of public relations as a consequence of the issues that surface and the increase level of social awareness. In the media release entitled Big mac make record cents for charity, they have invited celebrities, local VIPs, community and charity groups for their McHappy Day, another example of press agentry model.  An example of public information model is the distribution of nutrition leaflets available in all restaurants in Australia, according to their media release (March 31, 2004). From the very same media release, Sensory Solutions, Australias specialist food research agency did surveys regarding the nutrition information on the packaging, and as a result of this survey McDonalds will start labelling their packaging with nutrition. This is an example of symmetrical model where mutual understanding is created between the public and the organisation. An example of asymmetrical model would be the super size me issue, whereby after obtaining feedback from various organisations, McDonalds added more items on the menu and reinforcing its wholesome goodness of their products through advertisements and debates located on the site entitled A balanced diet, a balanced debate. This is because according to Johnston and Zawawi, feedback is used to determine what the publics attitudes are toward the organisation and how they might be changed (2004, p.9) The changes that are evident here is through the dynamics of their method of communicating themselves towards their publics, from recurring changes of their advertising themes to the usage of different media to communicate to their consumers through the distribution of nutrition leaflets, posts on the internet to name a few.  3. Do you believe the film Super Size Me represents a serious public relations threat to McDonalds? Is the companys response likely to be effective? Give reasons for your answers. For this section, it shall focus on introducing Super Size Me, what constitutes as a public relations threat, whether it represents as a serious public relations threat, and how the documentary has affected McDonalds, including their response towards the phenomenon.  Morgan Spurlock, the director has made controversial waves through his release of the documentary entitled Super Size Me. In this documentary he conducted a 30 day experiment which as stated on the site Super Size Me,  During the journey, Spurlock also put his own body on the line, living on nothing but McDonalds for an entire month with three simple rules:  1) No options: he could only eat what was available over the counter (water included!) 2) No supersizing [sic] unless offered  3) No excuses: he had to eat every item on the menu at least once  McDonalds USA states that  This movie is all about one individuals decision to act irresponsibly by consuming more than 5,000 calories a day twice the recommended level for adult males and by purposely limiting his physical activity. Thats why this movie makes no contribution to the important dialogue taking place today on nutrition and balanced lifestyles. Public relations is the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between and organization and the publics on whom its success or failure depends. Cutlip, Center and Broom (2000, p.6). Whether or not Super size me is a serious threat depends on whether practice of public relations by McDonalds has not complied with the definition. Specifically, if McDonalds has not been catering to the needs of its customers ever since the Super size me crisis, and that customers do not patron McDonalds, and whether mutual benefits have not been created, only then can it be said to be a threat.  Super size me should not even be an issue, to Spurlock making complaints about him experiencing physical discomfort which includes internal and external physical tolls on his body in the form of increase in blood sugar and high blood pressure levels, one has to bear in mind that it was due to choice and that he has brought it upon himself. This was the point brought up by another film maker that chose to prove that one could still eat McDonalds and still be healthy. This will be exercised by Soso Whaley where is stated in the site entitled competitive enterprise institute, Whaley will document her experience of eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner at McDonalds for the month of April to dramatize the debate over public health and what has been termed Americas obesity epidemic. By making prudent menu choices, she will demonstrate that no one should blame the nations food purveyors for being overweight or unhealthy even if fast food really were their only choice So is Super Size Me really considered a threat? comments by McDonalds USA were that their focus was still on their customers and not Super Size Me. They have stressed that their social responsibility with regards to their customers has still been upheld with the availability of variety in their menus and the attempts and conducts of continuously refreshing their menus to suit the needs of the community. Furthermore they stated that  McDonalds has always been committed to playing a constructive, responsible role in developing solutions to our customers lifestyle needs offering more menu variety, promoting physical activity, and supporting consumer education.  This is also evident in McDonalds worldwide corporate responsibility report 2004 where they uphold the benefits of both their internal and external publics, creating mutual understanding and benefits between both parties hence it not being a serious public relations threat.