Hamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman - 834 Words

Hamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman Hamartia is defined as a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero. Aristotle defines a tragic hero to be a man â€Å"who is not completely good and just, whose misfortune is brought out not by vice or immorality, but by some error or weakness.† The three key requirements of Aristotle in regards to a tragic hero are; a high social standing, goodness or moral excellence, or error committed by the hero in unawareness or ignorance. Two quality examples of men that portray Aristotle’s idea of a tragic hero, and who also fit the three main requirements are Oedipus Rex and Willy Loman. Oedipus Rex clearly and without a doubt answers to each of the three requirements laid out by Aristotle is regards to a tragic hero. He is a man of social reputation, and possesses exceptional qualities, but is in no means perfect. It is safe to say that Oedipus’ hamartia is the cause of his own downfall. Willy Loman on the other hand is also considered to be a tragic hero. Like Oedipus, Willy goes through his life, for the most part, blindly, and never really realizes the complete truth of himself. Through his delusional personality, and his continual blindness, Willy’s hamartia is also the main cause of his downfall, where in his case, leads to his death. Through further analysis of both Oedipus Rex and Willy Loman’s tragic flaws, along with literary criticism from Aristotle’s poetics, their hamartia, which ultimately leads them to theirShow MoreRelatedThe Hamartia of Blindness in Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex1048 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hamartia of Blindness in Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex â€Å"Tragedy is an imitation not of men but of a life, an action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aristotle). Tragedy is not about learning of certain characters, but rather learning about life itself. The inability to confront reality is a matter that takes place both in everyday life and in both plays. Despite the differences in both plays, Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex, the theme of being unable to confront reality is revealed through the protagonists’ sharedRead MoreIn Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex, pride plays an integral part to the development of the1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex, pride plays an integral part to the development of the plot. In each play, the hamartia for both Willy and Oedipus is pride, along with other minor things. Willy’s and Oedipus’ sense of self-worth seems to come from their pride, however misguided it may seem. Pride is the hamarita which connects Willy and Oedipus, in which case pride causes them to live in their past and prevents them from seeing the present, resulting in their tragic ending. For Oedipus, prideRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead MoreSophocles Oedipus Rex as Modern Tragedy Essay examples1184 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus Rex and Tragedy Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is, in short, the story of a man who unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother. It certainly sounds like a tragedy, doesn’t it? But the classification and definition of ‘tragedy’ are one of the many things widely disputed in the realm of literary studies. So, for the purposes here we’ll use Aristotle’s five criteria of a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw or mistake, a fall from grace, a moment of remorse, and catharsisRead More Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classicRead Moreâ€Å"Aristotle’s Definition of the Tragic Hero and Irony in Tragedy† Oedipus Rex, Othello, and Death of a Salesman3217 Words   |  13 Pagesmisfortune due to some flaw of character or failure to find/some deviation from the moral and righteous path, which is referred to as the hamartia. (Myers) However, he cannot be of paramount virtue or righteousness for this would objectify him, in turn isolating him from human perceptivity and compassion though he must be of high or noble character. The hamartia at some point must be realized by the character and this experience is known as an anagnorisis; it is to be noted that the relationship betweenRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus Rex, And Willie Loman1204 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand. Were there to be a completely virtuous hero with no flaws, no hamartia, as Aristotle describes it, there would be no sense of catharsis or enjoyment at watching horrible events afflict this perfect person. Conversely, if the individual was fraught with flaws, vices, and moral depravity, it would not be a tragedy; it would simply have been seen as his getting what was coming to him, karma, if you will. Although Oedipus, Othello, and Willie Loman can all be said to fall within Aristotle’sRead MoreTragedy Will Never Be The Same3193 Words   |  13 Pageswomen to the cast comes the addition of more vocal participation. Female characters in the play no longer have to rely on just expression to give off the mood that is supposed to be felt. Lastly, time can be manipulated in modern tragedies. In Death of a Salesman (which we will talk about later) the tragic hero constantly has flashbacks, which would be unavailable in Ancient Tragedies. This is usually done by the lights going black and any sound being cut showing a transition is taking place. Plot in

How to Prepare Carbon Dioxide Gas

These are instructions for preparing carbon dioxide gas (CO2) from calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Carbon Dioxide Reactants Only two materials are needed to make carbon dioxide: calcium carbonate (marble chips)5M hydrochloric acid Carbon Dioxide Gas Preparation Add 5M hydrochloric acid to 5g-10g marble chips. Carbon dioxide gas is released by the chemical reaction.Collect the carbon dioxide from the upward displacement of air in a hood. Carbon dioxide is about 60% denser than air, so it will fill the reaction container. Chemical Reaction 2HCl CaCO3 → CO2 CaCl2 H2O

Comparison of My Last Duchess and the Laboratory Free Essays

Poems ‘The laboratory, the content of the play, from my point of view is about a woman whose partner has left her for another woman. The poet has planned to kill the other woman as she is jealous of her and wants revenge from her ex. We can tell she is jealous of this other woman as she says she’s not little, no minion like me! ’ this shows she is jealous of the woman as she thinks she is of higher status, the words ‘she’s not little’ shows this. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of My Last Duchess and the Laboratory or any similar topic only for you Order Now She thinks the other woman is better than she is. We also know she wants to get revenge from her ex as she says ‘he is sure to remember her dying face! ’ here we know she wants revenge as she wants her ex to see the love of his life die as well as suffer, by doing this she will punish both of them. ‘My last duchess, the poem is set during the 19th century. The speaker who is the Duke of Ferrara is giving the tour of his prospective second wife a tour of the artworks in his home. He draws a curtain to reveal a painting of a woman, explaining that it is a portrait of his late wife; he invites his guest to sit and look at the painting. As they look at the portrait of the Duchess, the Duke describes her happy, cheerful and flirtatious nature, which had displeased him. He says, â€Å"She had a heart or how shall I say? Too soon made glad† He goes on to say that his complaint of her was that not only her husband’s presence was that made her happy. Eventually, â€Å"I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together. † He now keeps her painting hidden behind a curtain that only he is allowed to draw back, meaning that now she only smiles for him The two Robert Browning poems I have chosen are ‘The Laboratory’ and ‘My last Duchess’. My initial reaction on reading the laboratory was one of horror and fascination as it tells a tale of a woman scorned. I found it horrifying that a human being could plan in such a cold and calculating way, but I also found this fascinating. My feelings on reading My Last Duchess was pity for the Duke who was narrating the poem as it was clear that his jealousy and insecurity had ruined their relationship. ` Both poems have contemporary relevance, as people today are still intrigued by murder, mystery and tales of unrequited love. It is very obvious that the poems were written in the 19th century though, as some of the language is no longer in use in today’s society for example durst, dared, forsooth and indeed. There are other indications that the poetry was written in the 19th century by the references made to the use of a fan and also the way the poison was prepared using pestle and mortar. ‘Grind away moistens and mash up thy paste, Pound at thy powder-I am not in haste. ‘ The theme of The Laboratory is one of the eternal love triangles. Where the theme in my last duchess would seem to be about an obsessive yet insecure lover. The similarity would be the extreme jealousy that is displayed by both narratives. The difference is that the narrator in My Last Duchess is so jealous and insecure that he ‘gave commands; The character of the narrator in The Laboratory displays an intensity of emotion through her obvious jealousy of the other woman this intensity of jealousy could only be achieved if she also had experienced the same level of love. Similarly, the character of the narrator in My Last Duchess which is a man also displays obvious jealousy although it is without such an intensity of emotion. Both poems are dramatic monologues, the tone of The Laboratory is one of anger and the mood is evil, it creates a tense atmosphere which leads the reader to rush from one verse to the next to see how the story within the poem develops. In comparison, My Last Duchess is written in a less direct way and seems less hurried the narrative’s jealousy is not immediately apparent but becomes more obvious as the poem progresses. In conclusion, after having studied both poems, it is the style and content of the laboratory which has made the most impact on me. The directness of the narrative regarding her intent and the subject matter I found as I said earlier both horrific yet fascinating. The image of a 19th century alchemist was easily consumed up and I almost felt like I was there. My Last Duchess, although interesting did not have the same impact on me this is mainly due to the style of the poem which is a more meandering tale and has a less direct approach. How to cite Comparison of My Last Duchess and the Laboratory, Papers

Termination Risk and Multiple Exercises †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Termination Risk and Multiple Exercises. Answer: Introduction: This assignment represents how an auditor digs in to the financial statements of the company to extract crucial information regarding the operational efficiency of the company and also the possible anomalies that are taking place in to the activities of the company(Christensen et al.,2012). In this assignment an audit report has been prepared to identify the accounting accuracy with respect to the major items of the financial statements in order understand the financial health of the company and also to identify the areas where possible fraud can happen. DIPL-Ratio analysis year 2013 2014 2015 Printing Industry bench mark ratios (Gleeson, 2017) Comments Items Current Assets 5385938 7509150 9600929 Current Liability 3780000 5120250 6397500 Gross Profit 6004500 6079500 6604500 Net sales 34212000 37699500 43459500 Income from operating activities 6780000 7230000 8308088 Net income before interest and tax 3454650 3357037 3867337 Net Assets 9150000 10783650 12250491 Debt 7500000 Equity 9150000 10783650 12250491 Interest expense 84379 83663 808038 Ratios liquidity ratio current ratio[current asset /current liability] 1.424851 1.466559 1.500731 1.53-1 On an average the DIPL has 1.4 units of current assets for paying 1 unit of current liability, but the industry standard requires that a business in printing industry should have 1.53 units of current assets for each units of current liability(Higgins, 2012) Profitability ratio Gross Profit Margin[gross profit/net sales] 18% 16% 15% Gross profit earned out of every dollar of revenue is declining over time Operating Profit Margin[operating profit/net sales] 20% 19% 19% 15.63% Though the operating profit earning out of every dollar declining over time, but still it is above the industry standard Return on Asset[Net income /total asset] 38% 31% 32% percentage of income generated out of total asset declining over time Capital structure ratio Debt/Equity 0 0 0.61222 2.4-1 There was no presence of the interest bearing liabilities in 2013,2014,In 2015 some amount of interest bearing liabilities has been generated Debt /Asset ratio 0 0 0.61222 The interest bearing liabilities are not recognized as debt ,Therefore DIPL appears as a company that only runs on equity capital Debt servicing ratios Interest coverage ratio[EBIT/Interest expenses] 40.94206 40.12571 4.786083 ratio declined drastically in 2015,implies sudden huge increase in the debt burden of the company has increased suddenly Table-1: DIPL-Ratio analysis The key findings that are extracted from the above ratio analysis are as follows: The current ratio of the company has increased from 1.4 to 1.5 during the period 2013-2015.But the current ratio of the company is still below the benchmark ratio of the global printing industry. The gross profit margin ratio of the company has declined from 18% to 15% during the period 2013-2015.This indicates that the gross profit generation capacity out of the sales revenue earned is declining over period for the business. This indicates that the cost of goods sold by the company is increasing over time The operating profit margin ratio of the business has declined from 20% in 2013 to 19% in 2015.This indicates a deteoriation in the operational efficiency of the company. However the ratio of the business is still better with respect to the bench mark ratio of the global printing industry (15.63%). The Return on Asset Ratio has declined from 38 %( 2013) to 32 %( 2015); this describes that the income generation capacity out of the total asset has declined steadily for the company over years(Costello, 2011) The debt-equity ratio and the debt-asset ratio of the company describes that up to 2014 DIPL was a solely equity based company. In 2015 the company has acquired huge amount of interest bearing loan probably due to reduced capacity of generating profit income from assets in possession and sales revenue earned by the company(McCue and Nayar, 2009). The interest coverage ratio describes that it has reduced drastically from 40.94(2013) to 4.8(2015) as the company borrowed huge amount of loan in 2015.This indicates the weak strength of the current operating income of the company for servicing the interest bearing liabilities of the company. Impact of crucial financial information over financial planning: The holding of liquid asset of the company should be enhanced and new investments will be done in such a way so that the business is left with sufficient liquid assets that can be readily converted in to cash for repaying the shorter liabilities that are to be paid within one year from 30th June,2015 The business should work on enhancing the operational efficiency of the company as well as the work force before going in to any new venture. Any new investment decisions should be taken while considering the fact that business has bear the burden of a loan of 7.5 million for which they have to maintain a strong current ratio of 1.5 The company should strengthen their debt collection mechanism so that the provision of doubtful debt can be reduced to a great extent and the revenue earning mechanism of the company can be enhanced substantially. In order to bring transparency inventory should be valued on FIFO basis as it is revealed in the auditors note that there is much volatility in the current method of inventory valuation. To avoid any kind of fraudulent activity and to ensure compliance with the applicable accounting standard revenue earned from sale of E-book will be recognized as per the stage of completion Inherent risk factors associated with the business operation of DIPL: DIPL is generally involved in printing of books, magazines and advertising materials that are ordered by the clients who are mainly from the publishing, educational and advertising industries. Once the order is placed and confirmed by the client, then the accounts department of DIPL check the credit record of the client and if there is no problem then the business has to deliver the job within the predefined time limit given by the client. The time with in which the publishing job has to be completed often appears to be quiet short and any failure in delivering the job on time or a delivery of an erroneous job will be considered as a breach of trust or fraud on behalf of the ordering client for which DIPL may lose the business reputation or may end up paying heavy financial penalty(Bushman and Williams, 2012). Thus there appears a high risk of failure if DIPL accepts a publishing order without making the proper calculation regarding whether the available resources are sufficient for completing the ordered job in time or not. The impact of this risk is that if an order is cancelled then the business will not only lose their reputation but there is a huge scope of material misstatement. Because when a certain amount of resources are sanctioned for an order, on cancellation of the order those partially unutilized resources may wrongfully will not be accounted with respect to the inventory and this will lead to erroneous valuation of inventory as well as mis-statement of asset in the balance sheet. More over if the cancellation of order is not recorded properly then there lies a possibility that the cancelled order may worn fully be included under credit sales which may inflate the revenue earning of the company Valuation of raw materials inventories at an average cost is another risk factor inherent to the nature of operation of DIPL.DIPL is involved in a business where it is essential that predefined jobs are to be completed with a in the limited time. Therefore in order to maintain an undisturbed production process it is essential that the business should keep up-to-date their required stock of inventories and should also keep a tap on the required cost of purchasing the inventories that accounts the maximum share of the total expense made by the business. But if the inventories are valued at average cost when the actual cost of inventories are much below the average cost then such valuation will lead to wrong estimation regarding the expenditure that has actually been incurred for acquiring the inventories(Leung and Sircar, 2009). Thus miscalculation of inventory acquiring cost is a huge risk in itself as it can lead the business to operate out of budget at any point of time especially w hen huge orders are placed to the business. The impact of this risk is that there is a possibility of erroneous recording of expenditure amount under the head of inventory purchase in the profit and loss statement and possible error may also take place in case of recording the amount with respect to the cost of goods sold in the balance sheet. Thus this risk may lead to the above mentioned material misstatements in the financial statements as well as financial reports. Identification of the two key fraud risk factors: Fraud Risk Factor-1 Year 2013 2014 2015 Accounts Receivables 2482500 4320000 5073309 Account Receivable (As stated by auditor) 2647500 453000 5313309 Gap 165000 -3867000 240000 Inventories 2256188 2671362 4180500 Inventory (As stated by auditor) 2362500 2797238 4180500 Gap 106312 125876 0 The above table-2, describes that there is a substantial difference between the numerical values that has been stated in the financial statements the statements made by the auditor after making the financial audits(Jans et al.,2010). In 2013 the balance sheet of the business reported the amount of accounts receivable by 165000 units less compared to what stated by the auditor. In 2014 the balance sheet reported the amounts of accounts receivable by an amount which is higher than the respective statement of the auditor by an amount of 38, 67,000.Again in 2015 the balance sheet accounts statement with respect to the accounts receivable is lesser by an amount of 2, 40,000 with respect to what has been stated by the auditor. Thus it can be seen that in each year from 2013-2015 there is an anomaly with respect to the amount that has been reported against the head accounts receivable as per balance sheet and as per the audited amount as presented by the auditor. Therefore it should be suspected that DIPL is susceptible to the fraudulent accounting as risk identified by the differences in the report of balance sheet and the report of the auditor with respect to Accounts receivable. Again discrepancy can be observed with respect to the amount reported against inventory in the balance sheet and the amount reported by the auditor. In 2013 the balance sheet amount of inventory is less by an amount of 1, 06,312 compared to what stated by the auditor, in 2014 the balance sheet amount of inventors is less by an amount of 125876 compared to that of auditor. However in 2015 both the reported amounts with respect to the auditor as well as balance sheet match for inventory(Norman et al.,2010). Therefore it should be suspected that DIPL is susceptible to the fraudulent accounting risk as identified by the differences in the report of balance sheet and the report of the auditor with respect to Accounts receivable and inventory. The above inspection reveals a crucial fact that the accounting discrepancy or inaccurate accounting has taken place almost each year under consideration [2013-2014] with respect to the two most important items of the balance sheet namely Accounts receivable and inventory. When an accounting error with respect a particular item is repeated each year then it should be considered as an act of deliberate error or fraud and therefore it can be said that DIPL is exposed to accounting fraud risk and the management of the business should take some preventive measures for protecting the company from such risk. Another major misstatement can be observed in the balance sheet with respect to the description of the capital structure i the year 2015.As per the finance information of the business in 2015 DIPL take an interest bearing loan of 7.5million from BDO Finance Ltd but still the balance sheet of the company represented the entire asset of the company in the form of equity. This can be considered as deliberate act of omission or fraud which has been done to show that IDPL is a financially healthy company and can efficiently run without taking any interest bearing loan(Brazel et al.,2009). This risk has been identified while ratio analysis has been done and both values of debt-equity ratio and debt-asset ratio appear to be same [0.61] for the year 2015.Thus it can be seen that DIPL is exposed to fraud risk of misrepresentation of capital structure which is often done to attract the investors by concealing the real financial condition of the business. Impact of the risk factor over Audit: Identification of these possible fraud risk factors will make the audit process more detailed and stringent. As presence of any fraud will do long term harm to the business.Thus now it is recommended that a further deep audit should be conducted for identifying the other operational malfunctions that may have taken place in the business and thus hampering the financial performance of the business(Soh et al.,2011). Conclusion: The above assignment describes a deeper analysis of the financial statements as made by the auditor can catch every progress or deteoriation in the financial health of the company as described above. The ratio analysis reveals that the declining gross profit as well as operating profit generating efficiency of the business out of the sales revenue earned when the company is moving from 2013 to 2015(Hodgdon et al., 2009).The ratio analysis also reveals that the business is exposed to the risk of misrepresentation of capital structure in terms of the financial statements so that investors consider this company as an attracting one for investment. In the context of the above revelation it can be recommended that rigorous corporate governance should be practiced by DIPL for protecting the business from the risk of the identified frauds and the same time new strategies will be formed for enhancing the operational efficiency of the company. Reference: Brazel, J.F., Jones, K.L. and Zimbelman, M.F., 2009. Using nonfinancial measures to assess fraud risk.Journal of Accounting Research,47(5), pp.1135-1166. Bushman, R.M. and Williams, C.D., 2012. Accounting discretion, loan loss provisioning, and discipline of banks risk-taking.Journal of Accounting and Economics,54(1), pp.1-18. Christensen, B.E., Glover, S.M. and Wood, D.A., 2012. Extreme estimation uncertainty in fair value estimates: Implications for audit assurance.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), pp.127-146. Costello, A.M., 2011. The impact of financial reporting quality on debt contracting: Evidence from internal control weakness reports.Journal of Accounting Research,49(1), pp.97-136. Gleeson, E. (2017).Seven Key Printing Industry Ratios. [online] www.piaa.org. Available at: https://www.piaa.org.au/verve/_resources/The_Seven_Key_Printing_Industry_Ratios_(Benchmarking)_from_2014.pdf [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Higgins, R.C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hodgdon, C., Tondkar, R.H., Adhikari, A. and Harless, D.W., 2009. Compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards and auditor choice: New evidence on the importance of the statutory audit.The International Journal of Accounting,44(1), pp.33-55. Jans, M., Lybaert, N. and Vanhoof, K., 2010. Internal fraud risk reduction: Results of a data mining case study.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,11(1), pp.17-41. Leung, T. and Sircar, R., 2009. Accounting for risk aversion, vesting, job termination risk and multiple exercises in valuation of employee stock options.Mathematical Finance,19(1), pp.99-128. McCue, M.J. and Nayar, P., 2009. A Financial Ratio Analysis of For?Profit and Non?Profit Rural Referral Centers.The Journal of Rural Health,25(3), pp.314-319. Norman, C.S., Rose, A.M. and Rose, J.M., 2010. Internal audit reporting lines, fraud risk decomposition, and assessments of fraud risk.Accounting, Organizations and Society,35(5), pp.546-557. Soh, D.S. and Martinov-Bennie, N., 2011. The internal audit function: Perceptions of internal audit roles, effectiveness and evaluation.Managerial Auditing Journal,26(7), pp.605-622.