Cholera Epidemic

Cholera Epidemic Epidemics have played an important role in modern European history. In particular, epidemic diseases have been a frequently repeated feature of human history up to the present day. A classic example of such a disease in Europe during the 1800s is cholera. This disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. As cholera travelled throughout towns and cities, it took advantage of overcrowded housing conditions, poor hygiene and insanitary water- supplies.Studies suggested that these conditions might almost have been designed for it. Furthermore, cholera affected the poor more than the well-off and the rich due to lack of sanitary attention. This led to the Judgement of the poor and how people blamed them for causing the disease of cholera. However, when it spread to the middle classes, they needed to address a different cause for cholera. Cholera spread in a series of a waves or pandemics. The disease made isolated appearances in Europe a nd was regarded as the classic epidemic disease of the nineteenth century.Still, three major questions are to be addressed about cholera. First, was the psychological and social impact of cholera powerful enough to enable he absolute numbers of people affected and was its impact minor compared to tuberculosis? Second, did cholera epidemics play a part in the major political disruptions of the nineteenth century? Thirdly, did people blame the state for outbreaks of cholera, and did this lead to any changes in state policy from country to country?In terms of its spread, the cholera bacillus enters the body through the mouth and the digestive system. The subsequent symptoms include massive vomiting and diarrhea. Cholera was shocking to the nineteenth century; it was considered a disease that came from the â€Å"uncivilized† east. To address the first question, cholera seemed to affect healthy adults Just as much as, or even more than, it affected they young and old, the sickly a nd the weak.Cholera affected the poor more than the rich, â€Å"and the widespread middle class view that the poor only had themselves to blame was hardly calculated to mollify the apprehensions of the poor. â€Å"l In addition, the â€Å"undeserving† poor were the most affected because the poor did not have access to clean water and sanitization while the well-off or the rich did. In turn, the poor could easily interpret the immunity of the bourgeoisie as evidence of unfairness on the art of the rich to reduce the burden of poverty by killing off the main victims.Clear evidence of the social distribution of the disease is difficult to say, but the â€Å"distribution of cholera obviously to some extent reflected whether or not a local water-supply nad been contaminated†¦ proximity to intected water was i tselt at least in part socially determined†¦ â€Å"2 It was sad to see that the poor were blamed for the cause of the disease because it is unfair to the poor s ince they cannot afford to have better sanitization. Statistics suggested that while it could and did affect the well-off nd the rich, its impact on the poor was disproportionately high in most epidemics like cholera.Because of their wealth, the rich could flee from outbreaks with ease and their occupations did not have to deal with contact with contaminated water and with their employment of servants. Moreover, their toilet facilities were maintained well. One could see the differential impact of cholera between the rich and the poor which worsened social tensions. The poor suffered because of overcrowding and poor sanitation, and because they could not employ servants to take necessary hygienic recautions. However, they are not the one to blame for the cause of the cholera epidemic.According to Sir Edwin Chadwick, â€Å"various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the laboring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population†¦ â€Å"3 However, there are solutions to the circumstances mentioned. The removal of drainage, proper cleansing, better ventilation, and alternative ways of ecreasing contamination can help people live a better sanitized life.The main cause, however, is the defective supplies of water. If clean water could be supplied throughout the cities and towns, epidemics like cholera would not have to happen wiping out at least half of the victims. Such a simple request can make the place a better one. Additionally, Chadwick mentioned how the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars. I think that it is unfortunate that so many people die from grimy living conditions; if only the imple requests were Just to be granted, then it would be a win-win situation.The expense of public drainage, of supplies of water laid on in houses, and improved cleansing would be a huge gain and it would ultimately decrease sickness. Chadwick makes a great point stating, â€Å"the removal of noxious physical circumstances, and the promotion of civic, household, and personal cleanliness, are necessary to the improvement of the moral condition of the population; for that sound morality and refinement in manners and health are not long found coexistent with filthy habits amongst any class of the community. Chadwick claims that these adverse conditions of the laboring class tends to produce adults who abandon all of life's decencies and indulge in habits of degradation and demoralization. This statement is somewhat agreeable because I do believe that horrible living conditions and shortened life spans would lead many to migrate. However, it does not mean that it is inevitable because people from this background can choose to live morally if they want. To address the second question, there i s little doubt that cholera epidemics tend to occur at moments ot crisis in European history.

Economic Policy Recommendation Unemployment Essay

Economic Policy Recommendation Unemployment - Essay Example The crisis situation started during the financial crisis of 2007. With the announcement of bankruptcy of Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers the financial crisis situation started in 2007. These two companies were the largest financial corporations in the world during this period of time and with the shocking announcement by these two companies that there are going to call themselves as bankrupt have intensified the critical financial and economic future of the United States of America. This announcement has only adversely affected the American economic conditions and scenarios but has also negatively affected the related economic conditions of other countries of the world, such as UK and most of the countries of the European Union, Japan, Russia, India, China and many more (Artis, 2010, pp. 101-102). The financial crisis situation in the USA became more intense when the American government failed to take drastic steps to save the American economy and hence to reduce the intensity of t he growing unemployment and inflation in the country. The government failed to help these companies and other small and medium sized financial corporations in the country through financial assistances. ... intense when the American government failed to take drastic steps to save the American economy and hence to reduce the intensity of the growing unemployment and inflation in the country. The government failed to help these companies and other small and medium sized financial corporations in the country through financial assistances. The American government could not achieve the success of financial stability in the country during this time and this drawback of the American government reflected in the case of severe financial crisis in the country during this time (Katz, 2010, pp. 2-5). The crisis situation of the time emerged when the financial sector of the country and of the developed countries of the world have lost lot of money and financial assets in the market. This crisis situation caused the financial intermediaries of the world, in general, and large financial banks of America, in particular, to suffer from loss of their financial stability and financial assets in the market . In this crisis situation the loss the hedge fund in the share market of the country, which is still considered as the biggest and most financially powerful share market in the whole world, caused most of the large financial corporations to reduce their level of spending in order to raise the level of asset in the financial market. In this financial crisis situation the large financial business organisations, such as Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers, adopted the business strategy of reducing the work force of the company and to reduce the level of national as well as international investments. These financial business organisations started to sack as many people as possible within few months time to increase the potentiality of earning greater volume of money in favour of making the

Marketing strategy and planning coursework Essay

Marketing strategy and planning coursework - Essay Example Barclaycard has been a success story of a creative media campaign saustained by a system of persistent vaslue creation. Branding is a strategic approach adopted by organizations to create favorable perceptions about products among consumers. Barclaycard too adopted such an approach with a series of products including its debit card and the credit card. However its subsequent success with the credit card came with the innovative brand value creating efforts of t of brand value management. Some hitherto unheard of concepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and redefine its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation along with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in response to competitors’ threat to its core business. It was around this time that the management of the company realized the relative significance of a strategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches. Coupled with a mammoth advertising campaign, the company sought convincingly to introduce innovation, value for money and an individual value parmeter as the new dynamic concepts in a customer-oriented promotion campaign.

Divorce and Remarriages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Divorce and Remarriages - Essay Example For the divorce option to be accepted the church need to consider the divorce’s ground according to scriptures. The main grounds for divorce according to the New Testament are on either desertion by an unbeliever or sexual sin features (Adams 1986, p.24).   These features comprise of sexual sin like homosexuality, incest, bestiality and adultery. In the case one of the partners violates the intimacy and unity of marriage by any of the sexual sins, thereby forsaking the covenant responsibility the faithful member is left in a very difficult situation. Under such condition, the bible permits the release of the faithful partner via divorce. After divorce has occurred the faithful partner is free to remarry if at all the divorce took place on biblical grounds. However, in case of people divorce on other grounds, they have sinned against both their partners and God. In mark 10:11-12, if these partners remarry, they will be considered to have committed an act of adultery. Paul made an explanation for this and proposed any person who divorces sinfully should remain unmarried for the rest of their life unless either of them reconciles with her or his partner (Cherlin 1992, p.54). The Jesus’ teachings on the issues of divorce should be read repeatedly in both the church and at home. It should be done in every part of the world in the essence of spreading the gospel. The society has witnessed an increase in the number of remarriages and divorces in the present days. The main reason of this problem facing the society is that people tend to ignore the instructions that are provided in the bible. Some people also tend to listen to what other men think about the teachings of Jesus rather that reading for themselves in the bible (House & Laney 1990, p.76).  

Calculus II - Integration and Statistics Term Paper

Calculus II - Integration and Statistics - Term Paper Example Task A: This task requires the creation of a real-world science question/problem that requires the application of differentiation for it to be solved by the carrying out the following tasks: 1. A description in the context of the above real-world problem of the following terms using appropriate units. a) Independent variable b) Dependent variable c) Range d) Domain 2. An explanation of what the real-world problem above is about or is addressing 3. The problem created should involve taking the second and the first derivative of the above problem which includes the following components: a) Describe how f’(x) describes the behavior of f(x) within the context of the real-world application. b) Describe how f’’(x) describes the characteristics and changes of f(x) and f’(x) in the context of the real-world application. 4. Provide an answer that comprises of all relevant mathematical justifications for each step in the real-world solution context. Question A jet f ollows a path with distance in km, which is given by: Given that the horizontal velocity is expressed as V(x) = x, find the direction and magnitude of the velocity when the jet hits the ground if time taken is in minutes. The assumption made here is such that the terrain is all level (Bourne, 2011). Solution Let us first see a graph of the motion, to clarify what is going on. It can be seen that the jet hits the ground again somewhere around x = 9.5 km. At this point, the horizontal velocity is positive (the jet is from going left to right) and the vertical velocity is negative (the jet is going down). "V(x) = x" means that as x increases, the horizontal velocity also increases with the same number (different units, of course). So for example, at x = 2 km, the horizontal speed is 2 km/min, and at x = 7 km, the horizontal speed is 7 km/min, and so on. To calculate the magnitude of the velocity as the jet hits the ground, it is important that we know the vertical and horizontal aspect s of the velocity at this instance. (1) Horizontal velocity. In order to find the exact point the rocket hits the ground, it is necessary to find a solution for the following equation we only need to solve the following: Factorizing gives: And solving for 0 gives us x = 0, x = -3v10, x = 3v10 We only need the last value, x = 3v10 ? 9.4868 km (This value is consistent with the graph above). So the horizontal speed when the rocket hits the ground is 9.4868 km/min (since V(x) = x). (2) Vertical velocity. We now need to use implicit differentiation with respect to t (not x!) to find the vertical velocity. However, we already know dx/dt and x at impact, so we simply substitute: This gives us a negative velocity, as we expected before: So now, we need to calculate the magnitude of the velocity. This considers both the horizontal and vertical components. Magnitude = Substituting, we have: Velocity has magnitude and direction. Now for part of the direction. Angle of motion: Substituting our vertical and horizontal components, we have: In degrees, this is equivalent to -1.107148718 ? 57.25578 = -63.3907Â ° We can see that this answer is reasonable by zooming in on that part of the graph where the jet hits the ground (with equal-axis scaling): Therefore, in summary, the velocity of the jet when it hits the ground is 21.2 km/min in the direction 63.4

Summary and Analysis Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary and Analysis Papers - Essay Example Six of the world’s 10 fastest economies are located in Africa. An interesting demographic fact about Africa is that half its population is under the age of 20. By the year 2043 Africa will surpass China as the world’s largest workforce. A problem with the African economy is that it lacks savings and capital. South Africa despite being Africa’s largest economy has a slower growth rate than most of its neighbors. The sub-Saharan region is referred to as the â€Å"frontier markets.† Investors are looking to invest in mutual funds connected to an index of frontier market stocks. Investors should research companies in the region carefully since a lot of them lack liquidity. The beer industry is going very well in Africa. A way for investors to get around the liquidity issue of African stocks is by purchasing companies that have most of their assets in Africa, but are listed elsewhere such as in the London Stock Exchange (LSE). The equity markets in Africa might not be able to keep up with the expectations of investors. There are a lot of family owned businesses that do not want to lose control to investors by selling the equity of their firms. The industries that tend to list companies the most in Africa are banks, telecoms, and breweries followed by consumer businesses. â€Å"In Africa returns come from revenue growth and efficiency gains† (Harare & Johannesburg, 2013). ... The nation suffers from a variety of problems that are hindering the economic growth of the region. The educational system and business infrastructure of Africa are very poor. A lot of towns in Africa lack running water and electricity. The governments of the different countries in Africa have to form an alliance in order to help resolve the economic problems of the region. It was interesting to know that a lot of the economies of Africa are growing, but since these economies are so underdeveloped the growth in the economies is not helping improve the standard of living of the people of the region. The unemployment rate of Africa is very high. A way to bring more jobs into Africa is through foreign investment. The business community of Africa has to be more open towards forming alliances with foreign corporations. The use of joint ventures and strategic alliances can help persuade a lot of companies to enter the African marketplace. The potential of Africa of becoming the future manu facturing hub of the world exist due to the fact that Africa is going to have the largest workforce in the world within three decades. The African economy has to evolve by placing emphasis on the educational system of the continent. A more educated workforce is needed to attract industries to Africa that rely on skilled laborers. The governments of the different countries of Africa have to develop economic incentive packages to attract business to come to Africa. Creating free trade zones is a great way to spur economic activity. Africa should also look to improve its infrastructure to enhance the business environment of the nation. Another way for the economy to create jobs is by attracting labor intensive industries that are

Models of Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Models of Economics - Research Paper Example Its main thoughts are that; free markets are better situated to allocate the scarce resources in any economy; minimum government or state intervention in the economy is important and works best (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 1981). It contends that the supply of money ought to be maintained at equilibrium with money demand. This prevents distortion of the economy through increased money supply, which leads to various evils such as inflation, and excess demand that is not be met by the available supply. Socialism is an economic system that lies between capitalism and communism. It seeks to redistribute the wealth more equitably through the common ownership of natural resources and key industries such as public utilities and manufacturing industries. The state involves itself in central planning. Production of goods and provision of services, including their prices and distribution is centrally controlled (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 1981). This economic model puts emphasis on improving developing nations’ economies. This economic model focuses on ways to stimulate growth in those countries through enhancing aspects such as education, health, working conditions, market and improving both international and domestic policies and systems. Their focus is to figure out how developing/poor countries would be changed into thriving ones (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 1981). Since political and social circumstances of various countries vary substantially, tactics for turning a poor nation are usually unique and country specific. For example, the government strives to maintain the economy at equilibrium by either controlling or sharing of natural and state resources or controlling money supply in order to avoid economic distortion through increased money supply. John Keynes’ economic theory is applicable in many economies in the world since it was first developed. Keynes advocated for the regulation of economies using controlled money supply and